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144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps
144th Regiment RAC (144 RAC) was an armoured regiment of the British Army raised during World War II as part of the Royal Armoured Corps. It fought in the campaign in North-West Europe, from June 1944 to May 1945.
==Origin and training==
The origin of 144th Regiment RAC was a company of men of the East Lancashire Regiment in a Mixed Holding Battalion formed at Huyton, near Liverpool, Lancashire early in World War II. The company formed the nucleus of the 50th (Holding) Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment, and after the Fall of France a draft of veterans from the British Expeditionary Force was added and the battalion became the 8th Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment.〔Jolly, p. 1.〕
144th Regiment RAC was formed at Rufford Abbey on 22 November 1941 by the conversion of the 8th East Lancashire Regiment to the armoured role. The commanding officer, Lt-Col S.T. James, remained in command.〔144 RAC War Diary November–December 1941, The National Archives, Kew, file WO 166/1433.〕〔Jolly p. 2.〕〔http://www.unithistories.com/officers/Army_officers_J01.html accessed 13 July 2012〕 In common with other infantry battalions transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, all personnel would have continued to wear their East Lancashire cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps.〔Forty pp. 50–1.〕 144th Regiment RAC was assigned to 33rd Tank Brigade for training in the United Kingdom, and remained with this brigade for virtually its entire service.〔Joslen pp. 183, 206.〕
The regiment trained in the Infantry Tank ('I' tank) role on Churchill tanks, and in the winter of 1942–43 was mobilised for the invasion of Sicily. But the orders were changed, 144 RAC had to hand its Churchills over to a Canadian regiment, and was re-equipped instead with Sherman tanks. The following autumn it reverted to Churchills, then finally in winter 1943–44 it was converted back to Shermans for the Normandy landings.〔Jolly pp. 2–4.〕 The training was also broadened and 33rd Tank Brigade was redesignated 33rd Armoured Brigade.〔Joslen, p. 206.〕 The plan was still for it to land in the Infantry tank role, supporting 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division, but if one of the armoured divisions suffered heavy casualties, 33rd would be ready to switch roles and replace its armoured brigade.〔Jolly p. 4.〕 It was therefore equipped with a proportion of Sherman Firefly tanks armed with the 17-pounder, and the tank gunners practised with this weapon at Holkham Field Firing Range.〔144 RAC War Diary April 1944, The National Archives, Kew, file WO 171/878.〕 Lieutenant Colonel A. Jolly, Royal Tank Regiment, (later General Sir Alan Jolly),〔''Army Lists'' 1944–1969.〕 took command on 10 April 1944.〔144 RAC War Diary April 1944, The National Archives, Kew, file WO 171/878.〕
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